英語(yǔ)介詞的使用
英語(yǔ)的介詞使用廣泛而搭配多樣，它們表達(dá)與句子中其它單詞的關(guān)系。介詞本身如，in或after若不和其它單詞搭配，很難定義其含義。因此必須是一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)才有意義。
我們用教授的desk為例來(lái)描述介詞的功能。
Theprofessorcansitbeforethedesk(orinfrontofthedesk).
Theprofessorcansitonthedesk(whenhe'sbeinginformal)orbehindthedesk,andthenhisfeetareunderthedeskorbeneaththedesk.
Hecanstandbesidethedesk(meaningnexttothedesk).
Hecanstandbeforethedesk.
Hecanstandbetweenthedeskandyou.
Theprofessorcanevenstandonthedesk(ifhe'sreallystrange).
Ifhe'sclumsy,hecanbumpintothedeskortrytowalkthroughthedesk(andstuffwouldfalloffthedesk).
Passinghishandsoverthedeskorrestinghiselbowsuponthedesk,heoftenlooksacrossthedeskandspeaksofthedeskorconcerningthedeskasiftherewerenothingelselikethedesk.
Becausehethinksofnothingexceptthedesk,sometimesyouwonderaboutthedesk,what'sinthedesk,whathepaidforthedesk,andifhecouldlivewithoutthedesk.
Youcanwalktowardthedesk,tothedesk,aroundthedesk,bythedesk,andevenpastthedeskwhilehesitsatthedeskorleansagainstthedesk.上面藍(lán)色的單詞都是介詞，都是表達(dá)了與桌子的關(guān)系。看到這么多介詞在英語(yǔ)中表示與桌子的關(guān)系是不是很吃驚？這些介詞的搭配對(duì)于歐美國(guó)家說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人習(xí)以為常，但對(duì)我們這些把英語(yǔ)當(dāng)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的人的確是個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。
所有這些的發(fā)生都和時(shí)間有關(guān):duringtheclass,beforetheclass,untiltheclass,throughouttheclass,aftertheclass,等等。
看下面的例子，即便同樣的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，可能介詞短語(yǔ)不同：
Weareatthehospitaltovisitafriendwhoisinthehospital.
Welieinbedbutwelieonthecouch.
Wewatchafilmatthetheaterbutwewatchafilmontelevision.
表達(dá)時(shí)間的介詞:at,on,andin
用at指代特定的時(shí)間
Thetrainisdueat12:15p.m.
用on指定特定的一天或日期
Weuseontodesignatedaysanddates.MybrotheriscomingonMonday.We'rehavingapartyontheFourthofJuly.
用in表達(dá)年、季節(jié)、一天的某段時(shí)間。Shelikestojoginthemorning.It'stoocoldinwintertorunoutside.Hestartedthejobin1971.He'sgoingtoquitinAugust.
表達(dá)地點(diǎn)的介詞at,on,andin
我們用at代表具體的地點(diǎn)：Boblivesat55BoretzRoadinDurham.
我們用on來(lái)指代街道、馬路的名稱。HerhouseisonBoretzRoad.
我們用in來(lái)表達(dá)某個(gè)地區(qū)。ShelivesinDurham.DurhamisinWindhamCounty.WindhamCountyisinConnecticut.
表達(dá)位置的介詞：in,at,andon或沒(méi)有介詞
IN(the)bed*thebedroomthecar(the)class*thelibrary*school*
ATclass*homethelibrary*theofficeschool*work
ONthebed*theceilingthefloorthehorsetheplanethetrain
NOPREPOSITIONdownstairsdowntowninsideoutsideupstairsuptown
表達(dá)運(yùn)動(dòng)的介詞:toTheyweredrivingtoworktogether.She'sgoingtothedentist'sofficethismorning.
Toward和towards也是有用的介詞表達(dá)運(yùn)動(dòng)，意思相同，知識(shí)拼寫不同，用哪一個(gè)取決于哪個(gè)在句子中發(fā)音順口。We'removingtowardthelight.Thisisabigsteptowardstheproject'scompletion.
若有home,downtown,uptown,inside,outside,downstairs,upstairs,等這類詞，不需要介詞。GrandmawentupstairsGrandpawenthome.Theybothwentoutside.
時(shí)間相連的介詞:forandsince
我們用for來(lái)衡量時(shí)間的的長(zhǎng)短：Heheldhisbreathforsevenminutes.She'slivedthereforsevenyears.TheBritishandIrishhavebeenquarrelingforsevencenturies.
我們用since和一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間或日期相連.He'sworkedheresince1970.She'sbeensittinginthewaitingroomsincetwo-thirty.
介詞與名詞、形容詞、副詞搭配
當(dāng)介詞與名詞或形容詞等搭配時(shí)候，往往約定熟成，稱為固定搭配，構(gòu)成了一個(gè)單詞或詞組。
名詞與介詞的組合
approvalofawarenessofbeliefinconcernforconfusionaboutdesirefor
fondnessforgraspofhatredofhopeforinterestinloveof
needforparticipationinreasonforrespectforsuccessinunderstandingof
形容詞與介詞的組合
afraidofangryatawareofcapableofcarelessaboutfamiliarwith
fondofhappyaboutinterestedinjealousofmadeofmarriedto
proudofsimilartosorryforsureoftiredofworriedabout
動(dòng)詞與介詞的組合
apologizeforaskaboutaskforbelongtobringupcareforfindout
giveupgrowuplookforlookforwardtolookupmakeuppayfor
prepareforstudyfortalkaboutthinkabouttrustinworkforworryabout
介詞與動(dòng)詞結(jié)合形成的慣用法
agreetoaproposal,agreewithaperson,agreeonaprice,agreeinprincipleargueaboutamatter,arguewithaperson,fororagainstapropositioncomparetocomparewithcorrespondtoathing,correspondwithapersondifferfromdifferwithapersonliveatanaddress,liveinahouseorcity,liveonastreet,withotherpeople下面請(qǐng)你練習(xí)，在空白內(nèi)填入合適的介詞,答案在后。
Wemayplayfootball.Itdepends______theweather.2.Wewanttoseeabigincrease--________productivity.3.Excuseme,sir.Youhaven’tpaid______yourdrink.4.Hiswifeissuffering_______hepatitis.5.Ihatethethought______goingbacktowork.6.Iamsorry_____________breakingyourwindow.7.Whoisresponsible_______theshoppingthisweek?8.Youremindme_______aboyIwasatschoolwith.9.Iampleased_________myexamresults.10.Thenoisefromupstairspreventedme_______sleeping.11.Sheinsisted_______payingforthedrinks.12.Iamhavingdifficulty_______myvisaprocessing.答案
1.Wemayplayfootball.Itdependsontheweather.2.Wewanttoseeabigincreaseinproductivity.3.Excuseme,sir.Youhaven’tpaidforyourdrink.4.Hiswifeissufferingfromhepatitis.5.Ihatethethoughtofgoingbacktowork.6.Iamsorryfor/aboutbreakingyourwindow.7.Whoisresponsiblefortheshoppingthisweek?8.YouremindmeofaboyIwasatschoolwith.9.Iampleasedwith/about/atmyexamresults.10.Thenoisefromupstairspreventedmefromsleeping.11.Sheinsistedonpayingforthedrinks.12.Iamhavingdifficultywithmyvisaprocessing.
